Igishushanyo cya PCBA gikunze gutangirira kuri Gufata Igishushanyo mbonera, ikurikirwa na Gushyira PCB mu mwanya wayo, Uburyo bwo kunyuramo, DRC (Igenzura ry'amategeko agenga igishushanyo mbonera), na Igenzura rya DFMhanyuma ibisubizo Amadosiye ya Gerber, Dosiye za NC Drill, BOM (Urupapuro rw'Ibikoresho), na Igishushanyo cy'amateraniroKu byerekeye imiterere igoye, HDI PCB ikoranabuhanga hamwe na mikorobe zicukurwa na laser na gusigana kw'ibice bikurikiranye bishobora kuba ngombwa.

Dosiye z'ibanze zo kwinjira zirimo:

• Urutonde rw'ibikenewe
• Igishushanyo cya Mekanike
• Urupapuro rw'amakuru rw'ibice
• Inyandiko y'ubushobozi bw'imikorere (ubugari/intera ntoya y'aho ibintu biherereye, ingano ntoya y'umwobo, ubugari bw'urugomero rw'agapfukamunwa gapfukamunwa, ibisabwa mu kugenzura impedance)

Dosiye z'ibanze zisohoka zirimo:

• Gerber RS-274X cyangwa ODB++
• Dosiye ya NC Drill
• Fata & Shyira Dosiye
• Gerber y'udupira
• Raporo y'amanota y'ikizamini
• Igishushanyo cyo guteranya na dosiye ya silkscreen

2.1 Amahame agenga ishyirwa mu bikorwa

Gushyira ibintu mu mwanya wabyo ni ishingiro ry'igishushanyo mbonera cya PCBA kandi bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye Ubwiza bw'Inzira y'Ibimenyetso, Imikorere y'ubushyuhe, na Uburyo bwo gukoraGushyira ahantu hakwiye ni ingenzi cyane kuri PCB yo kugenzura impedance igishushanyo mbonera n'imiyoboro ya elegitoroniki yihuta cyane.

• Gutandukanya imikorere: Gutandukanya ahantu hakoresha uburyo bwa analog, digitale, power, n'ahantu hakoresha uburyo bwa "high speed interface" kugira ngo hirindwe ko hagira ikintu kibangamira.
• Urugendo rw'ikimenyetso: Shyira ibice mu cyerekezo cy'urujya n'uruza rw'ikimenyetso kugira ngo ugabanye ahantu ho kwambukiranya n'aho ugana.
• Igice cy'ingenzi cy'ingenzi: Shyira mbere na mbere module za MCU/FPGA/SoC, DDR, isaha, na power.
• Gushyiramo impande: Ibikoresho bihuza, utubuto, na LED hafi y'inkombe z'imbaho ​​kugira ngo bihuze n'ibikenewe mu buryo bwa mekanike.
• Imiterere y'ubushyuhe: Ibice bifite ingufu nyinshi hafi y'imiyoboro ikwirakwiza ubushyuhe cyangwa udupapuro tw'ubushyuhe; ongeramo ubushyuhe binyuze mu matsinda munsi y'ibice bishyushye.

2.2 Ibintu by'ingenzi byo gukoresha inzira

• Ubugari bw'amanota n'ubushobozi bw'ubu: Ubugari bwa mm 0.5 kuri oz 1 y'umuringa itwara hafi 1 A. Ku muvuduko mwinshi, koresha umuringa wo cyangwa uburemere bw'umuringa bunini.
• Ifaranga ritandukanye: USB, HDMI, LVDS, Ethernet birakenewe Guhuza uburebure, Imyanya Ingana, na Gufatana mu buryo bukomeye kubungabunga ubunyangamugayo bw'ikimenyetso kandi ugabanye igihombo cyo gushyiramo na igihombo cyo kugaruza.
• Impedance igenzurwa: Ibimenyetso by'umuvuduko mwinshi bisaba impedance idasanzwe ibarwa uhereye ku gutondeka; agaciro gasanzwe ni 50 Ω ifite iherezo rimwe na 100 Ω itandukanye. Isuzuma ry'ubuhanga rigomba kuba ririmo kugenzura impedansi kugenzura.
• Inzira yo kugaruka: Menya neza ko indege yuzuye y'icyitegererezo kugira ngo wirinde ibibazo bya EMI by'indege zigabanyijemo ibice; ongeramo imiyoboro yo kudoda hafi y'impinduka z'urwego.
• Binyuze: Gabanya viza zihuta cyane; koresha Gucukura inyuma cyangwa Inzira z'impumyi/Izishyinguwe igihe bibaye ngombwa. Ku bishushanyo bya HDI, koresha inzira zishyizwe hamwe cyangwa inzira zizunguruka hamwe na kuzuza umuringa.

DFM mbi itera Guhuza Solder, Gutera amabuye mu mva, Ibice bikonjesha bya Solder, Ihinduka ry'Ibice, na Imipira yo gusodaIsesengura rya DFM mbere yo gukora byinshi rifasha kurinda umusaruro wa mbere.

3.1 Igishushanyo mbonera cy'ubutaka

Imiterere y'ubutaka igomba kubahiriza IPC-7351Igishushanyo mbonera cy'aho hantu giherereye ni ingenzi kugira ngo umuntu yizere Guteranya PCB na Inteko ya PCBA.

• Ibice bya CHIP (0402, 0603, 0805)Ingano ya pad igomba kuba ijyanye n'umwobo wa stencil n'imiterere yayo kugira ngo hirindwe ko imva zishyirwa ku itongo.
• QFN (Ifite uburebure bune): Hasi Ikigo cy'ubushyuhe bigomba kugabanywamo ibice kugira ngo bigabanye imyanda n'ubukonje; koresha agapfukamunwa gakozwe mu buryo bwa solder (SMD) cyangwa agapfukamunwa kadakoreshejwe mu gupfukamunwa (NSMD) udupapuro tw'amapine bikwiye.
• BGA (Urutonde rw'imipira): Ubunini bwa pad busanzwe ni 80–85% by'umurambararo w'umupira; ipfundo ry'agapfukamunwa ka solder rigomba kuba risobanutse neza kugira ngo hirindwe agapfukamunwa ka solder kuri pad. Ku bijyanye na BGA nziza, koresha agakingirizo k'agapfukamunwa gakozwe mu buryo bwa solder ubugari ≤0.1 mm cyangwa gukuraho uruzitiro niba bikenewe.
• SOT/SOP/QFP: Ubugari bw'igitambaro cyo gupfuka buhagije busaba ko urugomero rwa mask rushyirwamo uburebure buhagije kugira ngo hirindwe ko uruzitiro ruhagarara.

3.2 Gutandukanya ibice n'icyerekezo

• Intera iri hagati y'ibice byegeranye igomba kuba ijyanye n'ibisabwa mu gutora no gushyiramo nomero no kuyivugurura (≥0.3 mm).
• Shyira ibice bisa mu cyerekezo kimwe kugira ngo byoroshye kugenzura AOI.
• Gira intera ihagije hagati y'ibice birebire n'ibigufi kugira ngo wirinde ingaruka z'igicucu mu gihe cyo kongera gutemba.

3.3 Gupfuka mu buryo bwa Solder na Silkscreen

• Urugomero rw'amasashi ya Solder ubugari ≥0.1 mm kugira ngo hirindwe ko uruziga ruhagarara.
• Silkscreen Ntigomba gukwirana n'udupira; gumana umwanya wa ≥0.2 mm.
• Ikimenyetso cya Polarite, Igipimo cya Pin 1, na Umushushanyi w'inyandiko bigomba kuba bisobanutse neza.
• Hitamo ibara ry'agapfukamunwa gasoda (icyatsi kibisi, ubururu, umukara, umutuku, umweru) ukurikije ibyo abakiriya bakunda; menya neza ko icapiro ry'ibihangano by'abakiriya risomeka neza.

4.1 DFT

DFT ituma habaho isuzuma rya PCBA rikora neza kandi rihendutse, kandi rigashyigikira iterambere rya gahunda y'ibizamini n'igishushanyo mbonera cy'ibikoresho.

• Ikizamini cy'isuzuma ry'indege: Nta gikoresho gikenewe; ni byiza cyane ku bikoresho by'imashini n'amatsinda mato.
• Ikoranabuhanga (Ikizamini cyo mu Gice cy'Ikoranabuhanga): Isaba amanota yo gupima n'ibikoresho byayo; ikwiriye ubwinshi bw'ibikoresho. Dushushanya imiterere y'aho bapimira hamwe n'ubwishingizi buhagije.
• FCT (Ikizamini cy'Urugendo rw'Imikorere): Igenzura imikorere nyayo ya PCBA.
• Gusuzuma Umupaka (JTAG): Ikoresha uburyo bwo gupima chip bwubatswemo kugira ngo igabanye amanota yo gupima.

Ibisabwa kuri DFT:

• Umurambararo w'ikigeragezo ≥0.8 mm, intera iri hagati ≥1.27 mm.
• Shyira amanota yo gupima ku ruhande rumwe igihe bishoboka.
• Guma ahantu ho gupimisha hatagaragara kandi kure y'ibice birebire.
• Teganya ahantu ho gupimira imashini zikoresha amashanyarazi n'imiyoboro y'ubutaka kugira ngo ubashe gukoresha ikizamini cy'igihe gito cyo guhagarika na gupima voltage y'amashanyarazi.

4.2 DFA

DFA yibanda ku mikorere myiza y'iteranya no gukumira amakosa.

• Gushyira hamwe mu byiciroKoresha Gukata V (Amanota V) cyangwa Umwobo wo gukurura imbeba / Umwobo wo gukandaKuri guteranya PCB hamwe n'ibice bimanitse ku mpande, koresha inzira y'amatabu hamwe n'ibiryo by'imbeba.
• Gari ya moshi yo gukodesha ibikoresho: Ubugari bwa mm 3–5 kugira ngo umuntu yohereze kandi ashyire ibintu mu mwanya wabyo.
• Ikimenyetso cy'ishingiro: Nibura 2–3 ku rwego rw'isi; ibyuma byo mu gace by'ikoranabuhanga bikoreshwa mu gupima neza nka BGA na QFN.
• Poka-Yoke: Menya neza ko imiyoboro ifite icyerekezo cyihariye kugira ngo hirindwe ko ishyirwa inyuma.

5.1 Ubuziranenge bw'Ibimenyetso (SI)

Ibibazo bya SI birimo Gutekereza, Ikiganiro cy'uruhererekane, Gukubita cyane, Undershoot, na Isesengura ry'igiheUmuvuduko wo hejuru Igishushanyo cya PCB ishobora gukoresha kwigana mbere y'imiterere na igenzura rya nyuma y'imiterere gusuzuma igishushanyo mbonera cy'amaso.

• Guhuza Impedance: Kurangira kw'uruhererekane rw'amakuru, kurangira kwa parallel, cyangwa kurangira kwa AC.
• Guhuza uburebure: Uburyo bwo gukoresha Serpentine mu matsinda y'amakuru/aderesi ya DDR n'amatsinda atandukanye.
• Guhagarika ibiganiro birambuye: Itegeko rya 3W (intera ≥3 × ubugari bw'urukurikirane); ongeramo ibimenyetso by'uburinzi ku bimenyetso by'ingenzi.
• Garuka unyuze kuri: Shyiramo uduce two kudoda hafi y'impinduka z'urwego kugira ngo ugabanye uburyo bwo kwinjira mu ruziga.

5.2 Ubusugire bw'Ingufu (PI)

Ibibazo bya PI birimo Urusaku rw'ingufu, Kugabanuka k'amashanyarazi, na Gusimbuka hasiIgishushanyo mbonera gikozwe neza Umuyoboro wo Gukwirakwiza Ingufu (PDN) ni ingenzi cyane kugira ngo imikorere ihamye.

• Umuyoboro wo gukuraho imashini: Shyira 0.1 µF + 10 µF hafi ya buri mashini ikoresha ingufu; koresha capacitors zo hasi za ESL ku buryo bwo gutandukanya ibintu inshuro nyinshi.
• Igabanywa ry'indege y'amashanyarazi: Gutandukanya indege z'amashanyarazi za analogi n'iza digitale; irinde kwambuka imihanda irimo ibimenyetso byihuta cyane.
• Inzira y'Impedansi Ntoya: Ingufu n'imirasire y'ubutaka byegeranye bitanga ubushobozi bw'imirasire y'ikirere; bikomeza dielectric nto hagati y'imirasire n'imirasire y'ubutaka.
• Binyuze mu ibarura: Inzira nyinshi zihuza inzira zikoresha ingufu nyinshi; koresha ibiyiko byuzuyemo umuringa ku byuma bitanga umuvuduko mwinshi.

5.3 EMC (Guhuza amashanyarazi n'amashanyarazi)

Ibifuniko bya EMC EMI (Ikibazo cy'amashanyarazi) na EMS (Uburyo bwo Gushobora Gukoresha Amashanyarazi)Isuzuma rya EMC mbere yo kubahiriza amategeko rishobora kugaragaza ingaruka mbi ku gishushanyo mbere yo gupima ku mugaragaro.

• Itegeko rya 20H: Impande z'ingufu zo kugabanya intera ya 20× kugira ngo ugabanye imirima y'impande.
• Gushungura Interineti: Ongeraho TVS, common mode chokes, ferrite beads, na capacitors kuri I/O connectors.
• Gukingira: Koresha ibipfukisho byo kurinda ahantu hashobora kwangirika; tanga imigozi yo gusiga hasi kugira ngo hafatweho ingabo.
• Crystal & Saa: Nta nzira iri munsi y'amakristaro; koresha ibimenyetso by'uburinzi kandi ukomeze kugira ibimenyetso by'isaha ngufi.

5.4 Igishushanyo cya HDI PCB

Ku byerekeye imiterere y'ubucucike bwinshi, HDI PCB ikoranabuhanga hamwe na mikorobe zicukurwa na laser, inzira z'uburinzi, na inzira zishyinguwe bifasha ibintu bito byo mu bwoko bw'imashini no kuba ubwinshi bw'inzira buri hejuru. Ibintu by'ingenzi bigomba kwitabwaho:

• Igipimo cy'imiterere ya mikorovia ubusanzwe ≤1:1.
• Koresha mikorobe zishyizwe hamwe ku mpinduka z'urwego mu bice bifite ubucucike bwinshi.
• Lamination ikurikiranye inzira yemerera ibice byinshi bya mikoroviya.
• Binyuze muri pad hamwe na kuzuza umuringa na igenamigambi kuri fanout ya BGA.

6.1 Igishushanyo cya BGA

Igishushanyo cya BGA bigira ingaruka ku musaruro w'ikoreshwa rya soldering kuri Guteranya PCB na Inteko ya PCBAcyane cyane mu gukoresha BGA neza.

• Umurambararo wa padi ≈0.8–0.85× umurambararo w'umupira (urugero, padi 0.25 mm kuri 0.3 mm).
• Umwanya w'agapfukamunwa ka soldering uruta agapfukamunwa ka mm 0.025–0.05 kuri buri ruhande.
• NSMD (Ubupfukamunwa budakoresha solder) cyangwa SMD (Gusobanura agapfukamunwa ko gusoda)NSMD isanzwe kuri BGA yo mu bwoko bwa fine-pitch.
• Fanout vias 0.2 mm/0.1 mm cyangwa ntoya; koresha Inzira yo gukoresha Pad hamwe na Yujujwe n'umuringa / Yujujwe n'ibinure kugira ngo hirindwe ko umushongi upfundika.
• Ongeraho ibimenyetso by'ishingiro ry'aho hantu hafi ya BGA kugira ngo hashyirweho neza.

6.2 Igishushanyo cya QFN

Pake za QFN (Quad Flat No-lead) zisaba imiterere yihariye y'ubushyuhe.

• Gabanya agapfunyika k'ubushyuhe mo udupfunyika twinshi duto cyangwa ukoreshe agapfunyika kamwe gafite imyenge ya stencil igabanyijemo ibice kugira ngo ugabanye ubushyuhe.
• Kuraho udupira two gupfunyikaho 0.2–0.3 mm urenze inkombe y'ipaki kugira ngo ugenzure AOI.
• Koresha Gushyiramo Resin cyangwa Kuzuza umuringa ku bikoresho byo gushyushya kugira ngo hirindwe ko solder ikora nabi.
• Ku birebana na QFN ifite imbaraga nyinshi, ongeramo ubushyuhe bunyuze mu buryo bushyushye guhuza n'imirongo y'umuringa imbere.

6.3 0402 / 0201 / 01005 Ibice bito

• Intera iri hagati ya 0402 na mm: 0.4–0.5; 0201: 0.25–0.3 mm; 01005: 0.15–0.2 mm.
• Koresha utubuto twa stencil dukoreshwa mu gupima umupira (dufite icyuho cyangwa twagabanutse).
• Tanga ibimenyetso bihagije by'ukuri kugira ngo umenye neza aho uherereye.
• Tekereza gutanga kole kugira ngo hateranywe impande ebyiri hamwe n'ibice biremereye.

7.1 Igishushanyo mbonera cy'agasanduku k'impapuro

Igishushanyo mbonera cy'aho imyobo iherereye ni cyo kigena mu buryo butaziguye icapiro rya solder paste bwiza kandi bigomba kunozwa kuri buri PCBA.

• Ubunini bwa stencil: 0.1–0.15 mm bisanzwe; 0.08 mm ku bice bito; 0.2 mm ku muvuduko mwinshi w'amashanyarazi.
• Igipimo cy'akarere: Agace k'umwobo / ubuso bw'urukuta > 0.66.
• Igipimo cy'IsuraUbugari bw'icyuho / ubugari bwa stencil > 1.5.
• Utuzu twihariye: QFN thermal pad amadirishya mato menshi; BGA ifite uruziga cyangwa kare; imyenge ifite imipira irwanya gushongesha ibice bya chip.
• Tekereza stencil y'intambwe ku ngano z'ibice bivanze (urugero, stencil nini ku bice bifite umuriro mwinshi, nto ku buryo ifite umuvuduko muto).

7.2 Gusubiramo no Gusogongera Amagagasi

• Guhindura Ingufu mu Gusora: Ku bice bya SMT; bisaba uburyo bukwiye imiterere y'ubushyuhe (gushyushya, kwinika, kongera gusohora amazi, gukonjesha). Koresha kongera gutemba kwa azote kugira ngo amazi arusheho kunyobwa no kugabanya ogisijeni.
• Gusoda mu miraba: Ku bice by'imashini bikoresha umwobo (DIP) n'uburyo bwo gukora kole itukura ya SMT.
• Gusoda mu buryo bw'indobanure: Gushongesha ibikoresho byo mu nzu bikoreshwa mu gupfunyika; ni byiza cyane ku mbaho ​​zivanze n'ikoranabuhanga.
• Uburyo bwo Kutagira Lead: SAC305 solder paste; ubushyuhe bwo kongera gusohoka neza hagati ya 235–250 °C. Imisozo rusange y'ubuso irimo HASL idafite icyuma gitwara imyanda, NDEMERA, Ishami ry'Abakorerabushake ryo kuzimya umuriro, ifeza yo kwibiza, na agasanduku ko kwibizamo.

7.3 Iteraniro ry'ibivanze

Huza SMT reflow na DIP wave soldering, cyangwa ukoreshe Gushyiramo agapapuro (PIP) ku bice binyura mu mwobo biri mu kongera gusohoka.

8.1 Uburyo bwo gushyira mu byiciro

• Gukata V (Amanota V): Igiciro gito; ku mbaho ​​zifite impande z'urukiramende zidafite ibice by'inkombe.
• Umwobo wo gukurura imbeba / Umwobo wo gukanda: Ku mbaho ​​zidasanzwe cyangwa ibice by'inkombe; koresha inzira y'amatabu hamwe na kurumwa n'imbeba.
• Ikiraro + Imbeba Iruma: Ihuza imbaraga n'uburyo bworoshye bwo gutandukana.

8.2 Uburyo bwo gukoresha ibikoresho n'ikimenyetso cy'ishingiro

• Ubugari bw'inzira yo gufatiramo ibikoresho: mm 3–5.
• Ikimenyetso cy'ishingiro: umurambararo wa mm 1, umwanya wo gufungura agapfukamunwa ka mm 2–3, irangi rya zahabu cyangwa icupa ry'icyuma.
• Ibyuma byo mu gace bikoresha BGA/QFN bipima neza.

8.3 Ingano n'ingano y'ibice by'urubaho

• Ingano y'urupapuro ruri mu rugero rw'ifatizo rw'ifuru (≤400 mm × 400 mm).
• Kuringaniza imikorere myiza n'ikoreshwa ry'ibikoresho; wirinde kwangiza ibintu.
• Koresha udutabo tw'impinduka cyangwa imyanya inyuramo inzira kugabanya stress mu gihe cyo gukuramo amapaneli.

9.1 Igenzura ry'amashanyarazi

• DRC nta makosa yishe.
• Guhuza uburebure bw'ikimenyetso cy'ingenzi, impedance, intera.
• Umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi unyuze mu kubara n'ubushobozi bw'amashanyarazi.
• Igereranya ry'ubuziranenge bw'ibimenyetso ibisubizo byujuje ibisabwa ku gishushanyo mbonera cy'amaso.

9.2 Igenzura rya DFM

• Ingano ya padi kuri IPC-7351.
• Intera iri hagati y'ibice irahuye n'ibisabwa byibuze mu guhitamo no gushyira ahantu.
• Agakingirizo k'agakingirizo ka solder, silkscreen, ikimenyetso cya polarity kigaragara neza.
• Umwobo wa stencil uhuye n'ubuso bw'igipimo.
• Gushyira hamwe mu byiciro na umuhanda w'ibikoresho ubu.

9.3 Igenzura rya DFT

• Gusuzuma aho umuntu akorera ku rubuga rw'ingenzi.
• Amanota yo kwipimisha nta kibazo afite.
• Uburyo bwo gukora ikoranabuhanga bushoboka.

9.4 Igenzura ryo guteranya

• Inzira yo gukoresha ibikoresho n'ibimenyetso by'ubuhanga birahari.
• Uburyo bwo gushyira hamwe mu byiciro burumvikana.
• Intera y'ibice kuva kuri V-cut ≥0.5 mm.

9.5 Inyandiko yuzuye

• Izina rya Gerber ry’urwego risanzwe.
• Nimero z'ibice bya BOM, amapaki, ingano zihuye neza.
• Hitamo kandi ushyire dosiye ihuye na BOM.
• Dosiye ya stencil ihuye n'igishushanyo mbonera cya PCB.

Ku bicuruzwa bya kera cyangwa ibyashaje Imiyoboro ya PCBA, Ubwubatsi bw'inyuma bwa PCBA ishobora kongera gukora schematics, BOM, na Gerber files uhereye kuri physical boards no guhuza amakuru yagaruwe n'amashya Igishushanyo cya PCB na Inteko ya PCBA imikorere.

Uburyo bwacu bwo gukora inyigo y’inyuma burimo:

• Gufata amashusho y'ikibaho no kugenzura X-ray kugira ngo hamenyekane imiterere y'imbere.
• Kumenya ibice no gukuramo BOM harimo n'ibisimbura ibice byashaje.
• Gufata amashusho mu buryo bwa schematic kuva ku ivugurura rya netlist.
• Imyidagaduro yo gutunganya imiterere ya PCB hamwe n'ivugurura rya DFM.
• Iteraniro rya PCBA ry'imbonerahamwe n'ibizamini by'imikorere.

Izindi serivisi zongerewe agaciro:

• Igipfukisho gikozwe mu buryo busanzwe ku bidukikije bikomeye.
• Gushyira mu nkono no gufunga ku kurwanya guhindagura.
• Kuzuza bike kuri paki za BGA na CSP.
• Gusubiramo no gusana hakoreshejwe sitasiyo yo kuvugurura BGA.
• Iterambere ry'ibizamini by'imikorere kuri PCBA yihariye.