Ko te hoahoa PCBA ka tīmata i te nuinga o te wā Hopu Tauira, ā, whai muri ko Te Whakatakotoranga PCB, Te Ara, DRC (Tirohanga Ture Hoahoa), me Tirotiro DFM, kātahi ka puta Ngā Kōnae Gerber, Ngā Kōnae Wiri NC, BOM (Pīra Rauemi), me Te tuhi huihuingaMō ngā hoahoa uaua, Papaaho Whakaata HDI hangarau me ngā microvias i keria e te laser me te whakarārangi raupapa tērā pea e hiahiatia ana.

Ko ngā kōnae whakauru matua ko:

• Rārangi Ipurangi
• Tuhi Mīhini
• Pepa Raraunga Wāhanga
• Tuhinga Pūkenga Tukanga (te whānui iti rawa o te tohu/mokowā, te rahi iti rawa o te kōhao, te whānui o te ārai kanohi whakarewa, ngā whakaritenga whakahaere ārai)

Kei roto i ngā kōnae putanga matua:

• Gerber RS-274X rānei ODB++
• Kōnae Wiri NC
• Kōwhiria & Whakanohoia te Kōnae
• Tānga Gerber
• Pūrongo Pūwāhi Whakamātautau
• Kōnae Tuhi Huihuinga me te Mata Hiraka

2.1 Ngā Mātāpono Whakatakotoranga

Ko te whakatakotoranga te tūāpapa o te hoahoa PCBA, ā, he pānga tika ki Kounga Ara Tohu, Mahi Wera, me Te āheinga ki te hangaHe mea nui te whakanoho tika mō PCB whakahaere ārai mate ngā hoahoa me ngā ara iahiko matihiko tere-tiketike.

• Te Wehewehenga Mahi: Wehea ngā wāhi atanga anaro, mamati, hiko, me te tere-nui hei karo i ngā pokanoa.
• Rere TohuWhakatakotoria ngā wāhanga ki te ahunga rere o te tohu hei whakaiti i te horahanga whiti me te horahanga porowhita.
• Kaupapa Matua mō ngā Wāhanga HiraWhakatakotoria ngā kōwae MCU/FPGA/SoC, DDR, karaka, me te hiko ki te tuatahi.
• Te Whakatakotoranga TapaNgā hononga, ngā pātene, me ngā rama LED e tata ana ki ngā taha o te papa hei whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga ā-ringa.
• Tahora Wera: Ngā wāhanga mana-teitei e tata ana ki ngā awa whakamarara wera, ki ngā papa wera rānei; tāpirihia ngā whakapūmau wera mā roto i ngā rarangi i raro i ngā wāhanga wera.

2.2 Ngā Kaupapa Matua o te Ara

• Whānuitanga o te Ara me te Kaha o te IahikoKo te whānui o te 0.5 mm i runga i te 1 auneke parahi e kawe ana i te 1 A. Mō te iahiko teitei ake, whakamahia parahi mō ngā taumaha parahi matotoru ake rānei.
• Takirua Rerekētanga: Me whakamahi i te USB, HDMI, LVDS, Ethernet Te Whakataurite i te Roa, Te Mokowā ōrite, me Hononga Whaiti ki te pupuri te pono o te tohu me te whakaiti te ngaronga whakaurunga me te ngaronga whakahoki.
• Āraitanga WhakahaeretiaKo ngā tohu tere-tiketike me tatau i te ātete āhuatanga mai i te whakarārangi; ko ngā uara noa ko te 50 Ω te pito kotahi me te 100 Ω te rerekētanga. Me whakauru ki te arotake hangarau te whakahaere i te aukati manatoko.
• Ara HokiMe whakarite kia tino tika te papa tohutoro hei karo i ngā raruraru EMI papa wehewehe; tāpirihia ngā via tuitui ngā whakawhiti tata ki te paparanga.
• Mā rotoWhakaitihia ngā via tere-nui; whakamahia Te Keri Whakamuri rānei Ngā Via Matapo/Tanumia ina hiahiatia. Mō ngā hoahoa HDI, whakamahia ngā via kua whakarārangihia rānei ngā via whakarara me whakakī parahi.

Ka hua ake te DFM ngoikore Te Hononga Tūhono, Te Tārai Urupā, Ngā Hononga Tūhono Matao, Te Hurihanga Wāhanga, me Ngā Pōro TūhonoMā te tātaritanga DFM i mua i te whakaputanga papatipu ka āwhina i te tiaki i te hua tuatahi.

3.1 Te Hoahoa Tauira Whenua

Me tutuki ngā tauira whenua ki IPC-7351He mea nui te hoahoa tika o te papa mō te pono Huinga PCB me Huihuinga PCBA.

• Ngā Wāhanga CHIP (0402, 0603, 0805)Me ōrite te rahi o te papa ki te pūaha o te tauira me te kōtaha hurihuri kia kore ai e taka ki te urupā.
• QFN (Papatahi Whā Kore-ārahi): Te raro Papa Wera me wehewehe kia iti ai te mimi me te makariri o ngā hononga; whakamahia te whakamāramatanga o te kopare tūhono (SMD) rānei te whakamāramatanga o te kopare kore-whakarewa (NSMD) ngā papa e tika ana.
• BGA (Huinga Matapihi Pōro)Ko te whānui o te papa he 80–85% o te whānui o te pōro; me tino tika te whakatuwheratanga o te kopare whakarewa kia kore ai e pā te kopare whakarewa ki runga i te papa. Mō te BGA pai-piko, whakamahia ārai kanohi tūhono whānui ≤0.1 mm, whakakorea rānei te ārai mēnā e tika ana.
• SOT/SOP/QFPMe nui te whānui o te ārai ārai tūhono kia pai ai te piko o te papa angiangi hei ārai i te hononga.

3.2 Te Wāhi me te Aronga o ngā Wāhanga

• Me tutuki i te mokowā o ngā wāhanga tata ngā whakaritenga mō te tango me te whakanoho i te pūwero me te mahi anō (≥0.3 mm).
• Whakahāngaihia ngā wāhanga ōrite ki te ahunga kotahi kia māmā ake ai te tirotiro AOI.
• Kia nui te tawhiti i waenga i ngā wāhanga roa me ngā wāhanga poto hei karo i te pānga o te atarangi i te wā e rere ana anō.

3.3 Kopare Whakakotahi me te Mata Hiraka

• Pānga Kōpare Tūhono whānui ≥0.1 mm hei ārai i te hononga.
• Mata hiraka kaua e taupokina ngā papa; kia ≥0.2 mm te tawhiti.
• Te Tohu Paerewa, Tohu Pine 1, me Kaiwhakatakoto Tohutoro me mārama.
• Kōwhiria te tae o te kopare whakarewa (kakariki, kikorangi, mangu, whero, mā) i runga i te hiahia o te kiritaki; kia mārama te tānga o te tohutoro.

4.1 DFT

Mā te DFT ka taea te whakamātautau PCBA whai hua, iti te utu, ā, ka tautoko i te whakawhanaketanga o te hōtaka whakamātautau me te hoahoa taputapu.

• Whakamātautau Pūrere RereKāore e hiahiatia he taputapu; he mea tino pai mō ngā tauira me ngā puranga iti.
• ICT (Whakamātautau Porowhita-ā-roto): Me whai wāhi whakamātautau me te taputapu; he pai mō te nui o te rahinga. Mā mātou e hoahoa ngā tauira pūwāhi whakamātautau me te kapinga rawaka.
• FCT (Whakamātautau Porowhita Mahi): Manatoko i te mahi tuturu a te PCBA.
• Matawai Rohe (JTAG): Ka whakamahi i te arorau whakamātautau maramara kua hangaia hei whakaiti i ngā pūwāhi whakamātautau ā-tinana.

Ngā whakaritenga DFT:

• Te whānui o te pūwāhi whakamātautau ≥0.8 mm, te mokowā ≥1.27 mm.
• Tohatohahia ngā pūwāhi whakamātautau ki tetahi taha ina taea.
• Puritia kia matara atu i ngā wāhanga teitei ngā pūwāhi whakamātautau, kaua hoki e araia.
• Rāhuihia ngā pūwāhi whakamātautau mō ngā kupenga hiko me te whenua kia taea ai whakamātautau poto whakaweto mana me te ine i te ngaohiko hiko-whakakā.

4.2 DFA

Ko te arotahi a te DFA ki te whai huatanga o te huihuinga me te aukati i ngā hapa.

• Te whakarārangiWhakamahinga Tapahi-V (Kaute-V) rānei Ngau Kiore / Kōhao TāMō huihuinga PCB me ngā wāhanga e iri ana i te taha, whakamahia te ara ripa me ngā ngau a te kiore.
• Reriwe Utauta3–5 mm te whānui mō te whakawhiti me te whakanoho i te kaikawe.
• Tohu PūmauKia 2–3 ngā kaitiaki o te ao whānui; kia 2–3 ngā kaitiaki o te rohe mō ngā taputapu oro pai pērā i te BGA me te QFN.
• Poka-YokeKia motuhake te aronga o ngā hononga hei ārai i te whakaurunga whakamuri.

5.1 Te Pono o te Tohu (SI)

Ko ngā take SI kei roto Whakaaroaro, Whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, Te nui rawa o te pupuhi, Te pupuhi iti, me Te Piko o te WāTere-tere Hoahoa PCB ka taea te whakamahi te whakatauira i mua i te tahora me manatoko i muri i te tahora hei aromatawai i te hoahoa kanohi.

• Te Whakataurite ĀraitangaWhakamutu raupapa pūtake, whakamutu whakarara, whakamutu AC rānei.
• Te Whakataurite i te RoaTe ara rere mō ngā rōpū raraunga/wāhitau DDR me ngā takirua rerekētanga.
• Te Whakakore i te Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero: ture 3W (mokowā ≥3× whānui tohu); tāpirihia ngā tohu tiaki mō ngā tohu matua.
• Hoki atu māTāpirihia ngā via tuitui tata ki ngā whakawhiti paparanga hei whakaiti i te inductance koropiko.

5.2 Te Pūmautanga o te Mana (PI)

Ko ngā take PI kei roto Haruru Mana, Te hekenga o te hiko, me Peke WhenuaHe hoahoa pai Whatunga Tohatoha Hiko (PDN) he mea nui mō te mahi pumau.

• Pūnga WeteweteWhakatakotoria ngā huinga 0.1 µF + 10 µF ki te taha o ia pine hiko; whakamahia ngā pūnga iti-ESL mō te wetewete auau-tiketike.
• Wehewehenga Papa HikoWehea ngā papa hiko anaro me ngā papa hiko mamati; karohia te whakawhiti i ngā wehenga me ngā tohu tere-tiketike.
• Ara Ārai ItiMā ngā papa hiko me ngā papa whenua e tata ana ka hangaia he kaha papa; ka mau tonu te dielectric angiangi i waenga i ngā papa hiko me ngā papa whenua.
• Tatau Mā te: Ngā via maha whakarara mō ngā ara au-rahi; whakamahia ngā vias kua whakakiia ki te parahi mō ngā via au-tiketike.

5.3 EMC (Hototahitanga Hiko-aukume)

Ngā hipoki EMC EMI (Whakararuraru Hikohiko) me EMS (Te Āraitanga Hiko-aukume)Mā te arotake i mua i te hanganga ture a te EMC ka taea te tautuhi i ngā mōrearea hoahoa i mua i te whakamātautau ōkawa.

• Ture 20HWhakakōpikohia ngā taha o te papa hiko mā te 20× te tawhiti paparanga hei whakaiti i ngā āpure whakarara.
• Tātari AtangaTāpirihia ngā TVS, ngā choke aratau noa, ngā pīrere ferrite, me ngā pūnga iahiko ki ngā hononga I/O.
• Te āraiWhakamahia he taupoki ārai ki ngā wāhi tairongo; whakaratohia ngā papa whenua mō te tāpiritanga o te whakangungu rakau.
• Karāhe me te KarakaKāore he ara i raro i ngā tioata; whakamahia ngā tohu tiaki, ā, kia poto noa ngā tohu karaka.

5.4 Hoahoa PCB HDI

Mō ngā hoahoa matotoru, Papaaho Whakaata HDI hangarau me ngā microvias i keria e te laser, ngā arai matapo, me ngā vias tanumia ka taea te whakamahi i ngā āhua iti ake, me te kiato ara teitei ake. Ngā whakaaro matua:

• Te ōwehenga āhua o te Microvia te tikanga ≤1:1.
• Whakamahia ngā microvia kua whakarārangihia mō ngā whakawhiti paparanga i ngā wāhi kiato nui.
• Whakatakotoranga raupapa Ka taea e te tukanga te whakamahi i ngā paparanga microvia maha.
• Mā-roto-i-te-papa me whakakī parahi me te whakapūmautanga mō te putanga BGA.

6.1 Hoahoa BGA

Ka pā tika te hoahoa o te papa BGA ki te hua o te whakapiringa Huinga PCB me Huihuinga PCBA, inā koa i roto i ngā tono BGA reo pai.

• Te whānui o te papa ≈0.8–0.85× te whānui o te pōro (hei tauira, te papa 0.25 mm mō te pōro 0.3 mm).
• He nui ake te whakatuwheratanga o te kopare whakarewa i te papa mā te 0.025–0.05 mm ia taha.
• NSMD (Kore-Hōia te Māka i Tautuhia) rānei SMD (Kua Tautuhia te Kōpare Konukō); NSMD noa mō te BGA oro pai.
• Fanout vias 0.2 mm/0.1 mm, iti iho rānei; whakamahia Mā-i-roto-i-te-Papa me Kī tonu i te parahi / Kī tonu i te kapia hei ārai i te mimiti o te konukōre.
• Tāpiri ngā tohu pono ā-rohe tata ki te BGA mō te whakatakotoranga tika.

6.2 Hoahoa QFN

Me tino tupato te hoahoa o ngā papa whakamahana mō ngā mōkihi QFN (Quad Flat No-lead).

• Wehewehea te papa whakamahana kia maha ngā papa iti ake, whakamahia rānei he papa kotahi me ngā kōhao tauira kua wehea hei whakaiti i te puta o te wai.
• Whakatorohia ngā papa pine ki tua atu i te taha o te kete kia 0.2–0.3 mm hei tirotiro i te AOI.
• Whakamahia Te Mono i te Resin rānei Whakakī Parahi mō ngā vias papa wera hei ārai i te mimiti o te konukōre.
• Mō te QFN mana-teitei, tāpirihia te wera mā te huinga te hono atu ki ngā papa parahi o roto.

6.3 0402 / 0201 / 01005 Ngā Wāhanga Iti

• 0402 te tawhiti o ngā papa: 0.4–0.5 mm; 0201: 0.25–0.3 mm; 01005: 0.15–0.2 mm.
• Whakamahia ngā kōhao mō te tauira pōro ārai-whakapiri (he kōhao, he kōhao iti rānei).
• Homai ngā tohu pono e ranea ana mō te tika o te whakatakotoranga.
• Whakaarohia te tohatoha kāpia mō te huihuinga taha-rua me ngā wāhanga taumaha.

7.1 Hoahoa Pūwero Whakairoiro

Ko te hoahoa o te kōhao stencil e whakatau tika ana tānga whakapiri honohono kounga, ā, me arotau hoki mō ia PCBA.

• Matotoru o te Tātuhi: 0.1–0.15 mm noa; 0.08 mm mō ngā wāhanga moroiti; 0.2 mm mō te iahiko teitei.
• Ōwehenga Rohe: Te horahanga o te pūaha / te horahanga o te pakitara pūaha > 0.66.
• Tauwehenga ĀhuaWhānui o te pūaha / matotoru o te tauira > 1.5.
• Ngā Pūwero MotuhakeHe papa wera QFN, he matapihi iti maha; he whakaiti porowhita, he whakaiti tapawhā rānei mō te BGA; he kōhao porowhita me te kōhao mō ngā wāhanga maramara.
• Whakaarohia tauira taahiraa mō ngā rahi wāhanga whakauru (hei tauira, he tauira matotoru mō ngā wāhi he nui te au, he angiangi mō ngā wāhi he pai te tae).

7.2 Te Whakapiripiri Whakahou me te Ngaru

• Te Whakapiripiri WhakahouMō ngā wāhanga SMT; me tika te mahi kōtaha pāmahana (whakamahanahia, rukuhia, ringihia anō, whakamataohia). Whakamahia rerenga hauota hei whakapai ake i te mākū me te whakaiti i te waikura.
• Te Whakapiri NgaruMō ngā wāhanga mā roto i te kōhao (DIP) me te tukanga kāpia whero SMT.
• Te Whakapiri Ngaru KōwhiriHe whakapiripiri ā-rohe mō ngā wāhanga puta noa i te kōhao; he mea tino pai mō ngā papa hangarau whakauru.
• Tukanga Kore-Ara: whakapiri konukōre SAC305; te pāmahana rerenga tihi 235–250 °C. Ko ngā whakaotinga mata noa ko HASL kore-ārahi, WHAKAAE, Te Tari Ahi Tūao, hiriwa rumaki, me tīni rumaki.

7.3 Huihuinga Whakaranu

Whakakotahitia te whakapiringa SMT reflow me te whakapiringa ngaru DIP, whakamahia rānei Pin-i-te-Whakapiri (PIP) mō ngā wāhanga mā roto i te kōhao e rere anō ana.

8.1 Ngā Tikanga Whakatakotoranga

• Tapahi-V (Kaute-V)He iti te utu; mō ngā papa tapawhā rite, kāore he wāhanga taha.
• Ngau Kiore / Kōhao TāMō ngā papa koretake, ngā wāhanga taha rānei; whakamahia te ara ripa me ngau a te kiore.
• Piriti + Ngau Kiore: Ka whakakotahi i te kaha me te ngāwari o te wehenga.

8.2 Te Reriwe Taputapu me te Tohu Pono

• Whānui o te rēri taputapu: 3–5 mm.
• Tohu pono: whānui 1 mm, whakatuwheratanga o te kopare tūhono 2–3 mm, paninga koura, paninga tine rumaki rānei.
• Ngā kaitiaki ā-rohe mō ngā taputapu oro pai BGA/QFN.

8.3 Rahi me te Rahi o te Papa

• Te rahi o te panera i roto i ngā rohe o te oumu "tīkina-me-te-whakanoho" me te "whakahoki-rere" (≤400 mm × 400 mm).
• Whakatauritea te whai huatanga me te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi; karohia te piko.
• Whakamahia ngā ripa wehe rānei ngā mokamoka kua araia hei whakaiti i te ahotea i te wā e wetewete ana i te papa.

9.1 Tirotiro Hiko

• Kāore he hapa whakamate i te DRC.
• Te taurite roa o te tohu matua, te aukati, te mokowā.
• Te kupenga hiko mā te tatau me te kaha o ia au.
• Whakatauira pono o te tohu Ka tutuki ngā hua i ngā whakaritenga hoahoa kanohi.

9.2 Tirotiro DFM

• Rahi papa mō ia IPC-7351.
• Ka tutuki i te mokowā o ngā wāhanga ngā whakaritenga iti rawa mō te tīpako me te whakanoho.
• He ārai kopare tūhono, he mata hiraka, he tohu mārama mō te polarity.
• Ka tūtaki te kōhao tauira ki te ōwehenga horahanga.
• Te whakarārangi me rēra taputapu kei te aroaro.

9.3 Tirotiro DFT

• Te kapinga o ngā pūwāhi whakamātautau i runga i ngā kupenga matua.
• Kāore he arai i ngā pūwāhi whakamātautau.
• Te whaihua o ngā taputapu ICT.

9.4 Tirotiro Huihuinga

• Kei reira ngā tohu taputapu me ngā tohu pono.
• He tika te tikanga whakarōpūtanga.
• Te tawhiti o te wāhanga mai i te tapahi-V ≥0.5 mm.

9.5 Te Otinga o ngā Tuhinga

• Kua whakapūmautia te whakaingoatanga o te paparanga Gerber.
• He tika ngā tau wāhanga BOM, ngā mōkihi, me ngā rahinga.
• Kōwhiria me te whakanoho i te kōnae e ōrite ana ki te BOM.
• E ōrite ana te kōnae tauira ki te hoahoa PCB.

Mō ngā hua tawhito, ngā hua tawhito rānei Ngā papa hiko PCBA, Hangarau whakamuri PCBA ka taea te hanga anō i ngā kauwhata, ngā kōnae BOM, me ngā kōnae Gerber mai i ngā papa tūturu, me te hono i ngā raraunga kua whakahokia mai ki tētahi papa hou Hoahoa PCB me Huihuinga PCBA te rere o te mahi.

Kei roto i tā mātou tukanga hangarau whakamuri:

• Te whakaahua poari me te tirotiro hihi-X hei mahere i ngā paparanga o roto.
• Te tautuhi wāhanga me te tango BOM tae atu ki te whakakapinga o ngā wāhanga kua tawhito.
• Hopu hoahoa mai i te hanga anō o te rārangi kupenga.
• Te tākaro tahora PCB me ngā whakapainga DFM.
• Huinga PCBA tauira me te whakamātautau mahi.

Ngā ratonga tāpiri uara:

• Paninga ōrite mō ngā taiao uaua.
• Te whakatō me te whakakī mō te ātete ki te wiri.
• Whakakīia i raro i te rahi mō ngā mōkihi BGA me CSP.
• Mahi anō me te whakatika te whakamahi i te teihana mahi anō BGA.
• Te whanaketanga whakamātautau mahi mō ngā PCBA ritenga.